2013年12月20日 星期五

2013年-第一章 電子商務基礎環境 摘要

目前網路已跟人們生活密不可分,凡事都要上網,所以網路發展勢必為各國重要基礎建設。世界各國在寬頻網路發展上,已紛紛推出相關計畫。除了寬頻網路之外,包含網際網路連網狀況、無線通訊發展、資安與信賴環境及電子商務人才培訓等各項基礎環境的整備,都是發展我國電子商務的重要基礎建設。其中我國寬頻網路發展迅速:截至2013年5月底,我國光纖帳號數已成長並突破二百萬戶,xDSL(包括ADSL及VDSL)達447.95萬戶,有線與無線兩類之寬頻帳號數共計有2410.9811萬戶。

在無線寬頻部分,截至2012年全台行動電話用戶已達到2,950萬戶,普及率達127.6%,其中3G用戶占77.2%,2G用戶比重20.4%;在高普及率情況下,預估至2013年用戶數將僅小幅增加,至3,030萬戶。而在NCC確立於2013年底進行4G頻譜釋照情況下,將加速2G用戶升級至3G,故預估至2014年2G用戶比重將僅剩10%。另一方面,2012年台灣行動電話全年累積銷售量達7,791千台,其中智慧型行動電話銷售量逐季攀高,占全年銷售比重達67.2%。可以說智慧型行動電話已成為台灣行動電話銷售主力,也帶動行動上網用戶的成長,截至2013上半年台灣行動寬頻用戶數已突破1,072萬,相當於1/3的台灣行動電話用戶都有使用行動寬頻上網。

而在我國電子商務障礙最主要分為國內電子商務障礙及跨境電子商務障礙。國內電子商務障礙有:1、網站上不可售酒及常用的醫療商品;2、國內沒有第三方支付法令;3、國內跨境代理結匯問題4、國內網路禮券應用相關問題;5、國內電子發票退貨處理及6、網路商店銷售旅遊商品障礙。在跨境電子商務障礙方面,則有1、中國ICP經營許可證申請;2、我國網頁被遮擋之障礙;3、中國相關證照申請;4、商品質檢及通關效率化。目前都還正在努力排除中。

而在資安與信賴環境部分,經濟部商業司透過「電子商務資安檢測與輔導計畫」與「電子商務網站身分識別機制推廣計畫」,進行電子商務業者企業內部資安檢測輔導,強化業者資安體質,外部推廣網站身分識別標章,建立消費者認明標章安心購物指標,2010年起已培訓超過240家業者,透過強化內部的資安建置與人員觀念訓練,提升對外資安防護能力。電子商務擁有許多會員數,資安問題不可忽視,業者有需要協助的地方也可以善用政府計畫資源。

而隨著電子商務為各產業皆須投入的地方,電子商務的人才也是各店家亟需。我國在人才培訓方面包含各方面,所需要的人力資源專長至少包括資訊管理與資訊科技相關人才、企業與經營管理相關人才、網路行銷活動相關人才、創新創業相關人才。除了學校教育以外,也可以透過職訓課程或自學方式培養電子商務相關能力,期望在這領域內能夠有更多新血能夠注入。

2013-Chapter 1 E-commerce Infrastructures Abstract

The Internet, which can be used for almost anything, has become an essential part of everyday lives. Therefore the development of the Internet is considered an important element in the infrastructures of many countries. Countries around the world have developed plans to make greater accessibility to broadband Internet a reality. In addition to broadband availability, the following are also important parts of Taiwan's e-commerce infrastructure: Internet connectivity, wireless communications development, an environment of information security and trust, and education and training in e-commerce. In particular, there has been rapid growth of high-speed Internet in Taiwan. The number of fiber optic access accounts in Taiwan has been increasing and, as of the end of May 2013, exceeded two million doors. In addition, there are 4,479,500 households with xDSL (including ADSL and VDSL) subscriptions, and the total number of broadband Internet subscribers, both wired and wireless, has reached 24,109,811.

With respect to wireless broadband access, the number of cellphone service subscribers in Taiwan reached 29.5 million in 2012, a penetration rate of 127.6% (3G and 2G subscribers make up 77.2% and 20.4% respectively of the mobile phone population). In this saturated mobile phone service market, the growth in the number of subscribers in 2013 will be the modest, and it is estimated that the total number will increase only slightly to 3,030,000. With the plans of the National Communications Commission (NCC) to conclude the auction of 4G licenses by the end of 2013, it is expected that 2G users will be upgraded to 3G services at a faster pace, and as a result 2G users will account for only an estimated 10% of all users at the end of 2014. On the other hand, mobile phone sales reached 7,791,000 units in 2012. In particular, the sales of smartphones rose each quarter and accounted for 67.2% of all mobile phones sold for the entire year. It can be said that smartphones have become the main force behind all cellphone sales in Taiwan and have also contributed to the growth of mobile Internet users. As of the first half of 2013, the number of mobile broadband subscribers in Taiwan exceeded 10,720,000, meaning that one-third of all mobile phone users access the Internet via mobile broadband service.

There are two main types of obstacles to the growth of Taiwan's e-commerce market: domestic e-commerce obstacles and cross-border e-commerce obstacles. Domestic e-commerce obstacles include the following: 1. Websites are prohibited from selling liquor or common medical products; 2. No regulations governing third-party payments exist in Taiwan; 3. Problems associated with cross-border exchange settlement agencies; 4. Issues related to the use of online gift tokens; 5. Electronic invoicing for merchandise return processing; and 6. Barrier to the sale of travel-related products in online stores. Cross-border e-commerce obstacles include: 1. ICP licensing applications in China; 2. Problems with Taiwanese websites being censored; 3. Applying for relevant licenses in China; 4. Efficiency problems with merchandise inspection and customs clearance. These problems are currently being addressed.

With respect to developing an environment of information security and trust, the Department of Commerce has launched the "E-commerce Information Security Evaluation and Guidance Program" and "E-commerce Website Identity Authentication Mechanism Promotion Program," the purpose of which are to provide guidance to e-commerce proprietors in conducting information security evaluations within their organizations and to help them improve their security environments. The programs also aim to encourage online identity authentication emblem certification in order to establish consumer recognition of the emblem and a benchmark for confidence in online shopping. Since 2010, over 240 online merchants have received training and begun to improve their external security protection through the strengthening of their internal security implementations and personnel training in security concepts. A large segment of society uses e-commerce on a regular basis, and as a result any information security issue should be addressed properly. Online merchants who require assistance may take advantage of available government programs and resources.

With various industries increase their investments in e-commerce, the necessary talents are being sought after. There are a number of aspects associated with education and training in e-commerce. Manpower resources and professional expertise that are required include at least those in the following areas: information management and information technology, business and management, Internet marketing activities, and innovation and entrepreneurship. Apart from formal academic education, it is also possible to develop expertise and cultivate talent in e-commerce through vocational training and self-paced courses. It is hoped that there will be an infusion of new blood to enter into this arena.

2013年-第二章 電子商務法制 摘要

目前台灣對於電子商務產業沒有一個既定的法制可套用,唯以其他相關法制來輔佐,以下為各領域法制與電子商務產業相關法制:

(一) 通訊傳播法制:國家通訊傳播委員會預計於2014年提出「通訊傳播匯流法」(草案);「電信法」修正草案之網路內容管制規範,因內容涉及侵犯使用者權益而有爭議。

(二) 網路內容法制:制定「兒童及少年福利與權益保障法」,成立「網路內容防護機構」,修正了媒體分級規範及建立網際網路內容防護自律機制。

(三) 網路金融法制:解決跨境網路金流外匯申報障礙,於2013年10月3日發布並施行「資料處理服務業受託處理跨境網路交易評鑑要點」;新增第三方支付業別,並於2012年12月24日公告增列公司行號營業項目「I301040第三方支付服務業」;此外開放第三方支付服務C2C刷卡,並解決第三方支付非金融機構網路儲值需求。

(四) 網路智慧財產權法制:行政院核定「智財戰略綱領」,落實智慧財產的保護及流通,共分為六大戰略重點、27項實施要項;而封鎖境外侵權網站修法規劃,雖然立意良善,但因使用者權益可能受損而引發網路使用者議論。

(五) 個人資料保護法制:新版個人資料保護法經過長時間討論,最終由行政院決定在2012年10月1日正式實施,而法務部針對甫上路的新法,提出「個人資料保護法部分條文修正草案」補足新法缺漏及爭議之處;此外,有七家大型電子商務業者通過「臺灣個人資料保護與管理制度」驗證,更能保障消費者權益。

(六) 消費者保護法制:行政院院會通過「消費者保護法」修正草案,目前送立法院審議中,於2013年5月23日院會通過消費者保護法部分條文修正草案,並提交立法院進行審查工作,此修正草案有多項涉及電子商務相關業者的條文,必須密切注意。

(七) 其他電子商務相關法制:於2013年6月21日簽署「兩岸服務業貿易協議」,在協議中,中國大陸對台灣開放共80項承諾,臺灣對中國大陸開放共64項承諾,其中,國內業者將可於福建設立合資企業,經營電子商務網站,且持股比例可達55%;此外修正身心障礙者權益保障法,推動公共資訊(電子商務)無障礙,讓身心障礙者在使用網站時也能確保權益。

而由於雲端議題正在台灣發燒,雲端商務應用法制也需多加注意,而最受關注的法制議題則為「個人資料保護問題」,此外「資料跨境傳輸問題」也不得不能忽視;在使用雲端運算服務時也需注意民事契約責任問題;而著作權相關問題也可能會容易被業者忽略,不得不小心謹慎以免觸法。

2013-Chapter 2 E-commerce Regulations Abstract

Currently there are no specific laws for the regulation of the e-commerce industry in Taiwan. However, relevant laws that are applicable to e-commerce do exist, and we list such laws and regulations as follows:

(1) Information and communications legislation: The National Communications Commission (NCC) plans to introduce the Communications Convergence Bill in 2014. The draft amendment to the "Telecommunications Act" pertaining to the regulation of Internet content; portions of amendment are controversial due to its perceived infringement of the rights of Internet users.

(2) Internet content legislation: Introduction of "The Protection of Children and Youths Welfare and Rights Act" and the "Internet Content Guard Agency"; amendment of media rating standards and the establishment of self-policing mechanisms to guard against inappropriate Internet content.

(3) Online finance services legislation: To address issues related to foreign currency declaration in cross-border online payments, the "Evaluation Guidelines for Data Processing Service Enterprises Entrusted with Handling Cross-border Online Transactions" was promulgated and took effect on October 3, 2013. Added "third-party payment" as a new industry category, which was given the scope of business code "I301040 third-party payment services" and announced on December 24, 2012. In addition, credit card payment for C2C transaction was allowed in third-party payment, and problems associated with third-party payment online stored-value requirement for non-financial institutions was expected to be solved.

(4) Online intellectual property rights legislation: The Executive Yuan has approved the "Intellectual Property Rights Strategic Principles" to put into effect the protection and distribution of intellectual property rights. The Principles consist of six major strategic priorities and 27 key implementation elements. Plans to block and censor foreign websites that commit copyright infringements were proposed with good intentions, but the possible violation of users' rights has led to grave concerns among netizens.

(5) Personal information protection legislation: Following a long period of deliberation, the new version of the Personal Information Protection Act, was finally promulgated by the Executive Yuan on October 1, 2012. The Ministry of Justice has introduced draft amendment to portions of the Personal Information Protection Act to address the deficiencies and controversial parts of the new law. In addition, there are seven major e-commerce online merchants have obtained certification of the "Taiwan Personal Information Protection & Administration System" (TPIPAS), which will better protect the interests of consumers.

(6) Legislation pertaining to consumer protection: The Cabinet meeting of the Executive Yuan has passed the draft amendment to the "Consumer Protection Law," which is currently being deliberated at the Legislative Yuan. The Executive Yuan Cabinet meeting approved the draft amendment to parts of the Consumer Protection Law on May 23, 2013, which is now being reviewed by the Legislative Yuan. Portions of this draft amendment are relevant to e-commerce industry, and there the process should be monitored closely.

(7) Other legislations applicable to e-commerce: The signing of the Cross-Strait Service Trade Pact took place on June 21, 2013. In this agreement, Beijing has committed to opening up 80 industries in mainland China to Taiwan, and conversely Taipei has promised to make 64 Taiwanese industries accessible to China. In particular, Taiwanese corporations are allowed to set up joint ventures in Fujian province to operate e-commerce websites with a stake of up to 55%. In addition, the People with Disabilities Rights Protection Act has been amended to promote accessibility to public information (e-commerce) by persons with disabilities, ensuring that their online rights are also protected.

As cloud-related technologies and applications are currently receiving considerable attention in Taiwan, laws pertaining to cloud commerce applications require attention as well. A topic that has gathered much interest is "personal data protection problems." In addition, "cross-border data transfer issues" are also an area that should be handled properly. When using cloud computing services, it is also necessary to pay attention to issues associated with civil liability of contracts. Copyright-related issues may also easily be overlooked by the industry, which much take extra caution in order to avoid breaking the law.

2013年-第三章 電子商務標準 摘要

隨著網際網路的普及,電子商務技術標準的需求日漸增高,為使國際貿易能充分利用電子商務達到跨國無障礙的理想,「聯合國貿易促進與電子商務中心」(簡稱UN/CEFACT),研訂全球共通的電子商務標準規範,推動貿易便捷化,電子商務化以及支援電子商務政策的研擬與規範,以應電子商務國際化的需求:提供電子商務標準之基礎環境,使全球企業無論其規模大小或地理位置,均可採用一致的標準以進行安全、可靠的電子商務交易。

在2012年至2013年間,全球共通的電子商務標準規範並沒有更動較大的部分;而中國大陸方面,目前推動電子商資訊技術標準頒佈信息技術標準超過600多項,其電子商務服務與軟體發展所依循的政策主要為十一五計畫 (2007年至2010年)及十二五計畫(2011年至2015年);但就算中國電子商務發展的多迅速,UN/CEFACT Forum 舉辦10多次以來,大陸未派員參加,而台灣及早的進行CCL(Core Components Library) 中文化的翻譯工作,也促使台灣能取得先機。

在日本方面,對電子商務標準大都以大型企業應用為主導趨勢,但近年來由於想與中國大陸產業進行貿易及電子商務產業,也積極參與將CCL翻譯成日文,CCL標準的日文化是接軌中文化的CCL標準為必然走向,也是國際接軌的競爭趨勢。

在韓國電子商務發展方面,韓國電子商務有專法,電子商務環境受到國家建置完善的法律系統管理,遵循特殊國家主義立法方式,以基本法的制定將國家政策法制化,即「電子商務架構法」。而底下各項法制即構成其電子商務標準,韓國可說是電子商務的先驅,台灣還有很大的空間需要努力。

2013-Chapter 3 E-commerce Standards Abstract

With widespread access to the Internet a reality, the demand for e-commerce technological standards is growing. In order for international trade to take advantage of cross-border e-commerce and to achieve the ideal of barrier-free trading, the United Nations Center for Trade Facilitation and Electronic Business (UN/CEFACT) has established a set of global e-commerce standards, which will facilitate trade and support trading in e-commerce, as well as help to develop e-commerce policies and regulations to meet the internationalization requirements of e-commerce: Providing the basic infrastructure for e-commerce standards, enabling enterprises around the world, regardless of their size and location, to adopt a consistent set of standards for conducting secure and reliable e-commerce transactions.

From 2012 to 2013, no significant changes have been made to the global e-commerce standards. In mainland China, currently more than 600 information technology standards for e-commerce have been established and are being promoted. In particular, policies that govern e-commerce services and software development are: 11th 5-Year Plan (from 2007 to 2010) and the 12th 5-Year Plan (from 2011 to 2015). However, no matter how rapidly e-commerce development in China is advancing, Beijing has not sent delegations to any of the UN/CEFACT Forum sessions. On the other hand, Taiwan has participated in the translation of Core Components Library (CCL) early on, which is expected to help Taiwan gain future opportunities.

In Japan, the E-commerce Standards are mostly geared toward applications in major enterprises. In recent years, however, as Japan intends to trade with mainland Chinese industries and to promote its e-commerce industry, the country is actively participating in the translation of CCL into Japanese. The creation of the Japanese version of the CCL standards is a natural way to integrate with the Chinese version of CCL, and it also helps to bring the country in line with international standards.

The e-commerce development in South Korea benefits from the country's legislation specific to e-commerce. South Korea's e-commerce environment is governed by a sound and comprehensive system of laws, which follow a special nationalistic legislative approach in the formulation and regularization of the national policy based on basic law. This is referred to as the Framework Act on Electronic Commerce. Under this framework, each law and its constituent e-commerce standards have propelled South Korea to be an e-commerce pioneer. In comparison, Taiwan has to work hard to catch up with South Korea.

2013年-第四章 電子商務安全 摘要

隨著資訊科技的發展,如今民眾可以不用出門,就可在家透過網路選購所需要的商品,電子商務已經徹底改變了人們的生活。只是在快速方便的背後,資訊安全的問題仍層出不窮,可能會影響民眾線上購物的信心。因此,對電子商務業者而言,識別可能的資安風險,並且採取對應的安全措施,已是營運上不可忽視的課題,尤其是面對日新月異且來自全球的威脅,最好的方式是實施有效的資訊安全管理制度,而參考國際或第三方公信單位的資安標準,將是最容易有效的方法。

目前在國內方面,為了協助業者落實資訊安全和個人資料保護,由經濟部商業司委託資策會科技法律研究所規劃的「台灣個人資料保護與管理制度(TPIPAS)」,可作為電子商務業者強化資訊安全的參考。對業者來說,許多時候要確保資訊安全,並非都需要花大錢,因為大部份的資安事件是來自人員所引發的問題,所以資安的重點工作,第一步就是要建立有效的資安政策,並且持續改善營運流程中有關資料的控管方式,除了要確實修補資安漏洞之外,針對一般和營運人員實施資安意識訓練,往往是降低資安事件發生的最佳之道。

如果真的不幸發生了資安事件,業者除了要進行損害控制和通報相關單位之外,對於客戶也必須盡到告知且主動協助的責任,若是考量到自身的資安防護能量不足,業者也可考慮委由外部資安廠商或電子商務資安服務中心(EC-CERT)來強化防禦,協助評估可能的安全弱點,並提供問題諮詢與技術支援,如此,電子商務的經營才能長久和持續成長。